The authors review the opioid literature for evidence of increased analgesia and reduced
adverse side effects by combining mu‐opioid‐receptor (MOR) agonists, kappa‐opioid …

Introduction: Single opioid analgesics are modestly effective in reducing pain but have a
narrow therapeutic index and frequently produce intolerable side effects. Adjuvant …

阿片受体激动剂羟考酮是强效麻醉性镇痛药, 其镇痛作用强, 但其耐受性, 依赖性及其抑制胃肠道
平滑肌蠕动等不良反应限制了其临床应用. 自20 世纪末, 研究者开始分别将解热镇痛药 …

ABSTRACT Preclinical Research Treatment of neuropathic pain is an area of largely unmet
medical need. Pregabalin and gabapentin are anticonvulsants widely used for the treatment …

DISCUSSION Neither the exact pathogenesis of HS nor the association between HS and
CD is well described in the literature. Numerous case reports indicate that the HS can be …

Opioid signaling plays a central role in pain perception. As such, it remains the main target
in the development of antinociceptive agents, despite serious side effects involved. In recent …

Brainstem areas involved in descending pain modulation are crucial for the analgesic
actions of opioids. However, the role of opioids in these areas during tolerance, opioid …

To find appropriate and effective treatment options for chronic pain syndromes is a
challenging task. Multimodal treatment approach has been gaining acceptance for chronic …

To review the research progress of pure opioid receptor agonist oxycodone. The research
progress of oxycodone in terms of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse …

BACKGROUND: Opioid analgesics are effective in the treatment of chronic pain, but they
have serious adverse effects such as development of tolerance and dependence …