Astrocytes are critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. Increasing evidence
suggests that a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic …

The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique
focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Neuropathic pain is triggered by lesions to the somatosensory nervous system that alter its
structure and function so that pain occurs spontaneously and responses to noxious and …

Previous studies have shown that activation of p38 mitogen-activating kinase (MAPK) in
spinal microglia participates in the generation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain in …

In contrast to physiological pain, pathological pain is not dependent on the presence of
tissue‐damaging stimuli. One type of pathological pain–neuropathic pain–is often a …

Clinical management of chronic pain after nerve injury (neuropathic pain) and tumor
invasion (cancer pain) is a real challenge due to our limited understanding of the cellular …

Neuropathic pain, a maladaptive and chronic condition that can develop after a lesion or
disease affecting the somatosensory system, is characterized by allodynia, hyperalgesia …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors that initiate
innate immune responses by recognizing molecular structures shared by a wide range of …

Neuropathic pain, a debilitating pain condition, is a common consequence of damage to the
nervous system. Optimal treatment of neuropathic pain is a major clinical challenge because …