Throughout its 40-year history, the field of gene therapy has been marked by many
transitions. It has seen great strides in combating human disease, has given hope to patients …

The coronavirus spike protein is a multifunctional molecular machine that mediates
coronavirus entry into host cells. It first binds to a receptor on the host cell surface through its …

German Advisory Committee Blood (Arbeitskreis Blut), Subgroup 'Assessment of Pathogens
Transmissible by Blood'tein, TM) are derived. In addition to the structural proteins, the HIV …

The first step of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication cycle—binding and
entry into the host cell—plays a major role in determining viral tropism and the ability of HIV …

Enveloped viruses need to fuse with a host cell membrane in order to deliver their genome
into the host cell. While some viruses fuse with the plasma membrane, many viruses are …

The cell imposes multiple barriers to virus entry. However, viruses exploit fundamental
cellular processes to gain entry to cells and deliver their genetic cargo. Virus entry pathways …

We examined the ability of chemokine receptors and related G protein–coupled receptors to
facilitate infection by primary, clinical HIV-1 isolates. CCR5, when expressed along with …

Enveloped viruses that rely on a low pH-dependent step for entry initiate infection by fusing
with acidic endosomes, whereas the entry sites for pH-independent viruses, such as HIV-1 …

The lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS by interacting with a large
number of different cells in the body and escaping the host immune response against it. HIV …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) synthesizes several
putative viral envelope proteins, including the spike (S), membrane (M), and small envelope …