The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

Aging is a fundamental biological process accompanied by a general decline in tissue
function. Indeed, as the lifespan increases, age-related dysfunction, such as cognitive …

Wu et al The RAS and Cardiovascular Functions e109 homocysteine decreased
antihypertensive effect of enalapril, an ACE inhibitor, in chronic hypertensive patients. 61 …

Aging is a worldwide challenge, and it is accompanied by the accumulation of senescent
cells. Cellular senescence is traditionally defined as permanent cell growth arrest and …

The aorta is a blood vessel that provides a low-resistance path for blood flow directed from
the heart to peripheral organs and tissues. However, the aorta has another central …

A novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) is a potential cause of acute respiratory infection called coronavirus disease 2019 …

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a highly conserved nuclear DNA-binding
protein, is a “damage-associated molecular pattern” molecule (DAMP) implicated in both …

Sirtuins are NAD+‐dependent protein deacylases that cleave off acetyl, as well as other acyl
groups, from the ε‐amino group of lysines in histones and other substrate proteins. Seven …

Senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to aging-related
cardiovascular diseases by promoting arterial remodelling and stiffness. Ferroptosis is a …

Hyperinflammation characterized by elevated proinflammatory cytokines known as 'cytokine
storms' is the major cause of high severity and mortality seen in COVID‐19 patients. The …