Osteoporosis is a global public health problem, with fractures contributing to significant
morbidity and mortality. Although postmenopausal osteoporosis is most common, up to 30 …

The bone remodelling cycle replaces old and damaged bone and is a highly regulated,
lifelong process essential for preserving bone integrity and maintaining mineral …

The bone is an essential organ for locomotion and protection of the body, as well as
hematopoiesis and mineral homeostasis. In order to exert these functions throughout life …

The regulation of linear growth by nutritional and inflammatory influences is examined in
terms of growth-plate endochondral ossification, in order to better understand stunted growth …

Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on
the cell type, can be activated (ie, T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (ie, T3 to 3, 3′-diiodo-l …

Bone age represents a common index utilized in pediatric radiology and endocrinology
departments worldwide for the definition of skeletal maturity for medical and non-medical …

Thyroid hormones are essential for skeletal development and are important regulators of
bone maintenance in adults. Childhood hypothyroidism causes delayed skeletal …

Vitamin D (VD) is essential for bone homeostasis, but it is also involved in pleiotropic effects
on various organs and tissues. In adults, VD deficiency can cause or exacerbate …

Autosomal dominant mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause
achondroplasia (Ach), the most common form of dwarfism in humans, and related …

Active iodide (I−) transport in both the thyroid and some extrathyroidal tissues is mediated by
the Na+/I− symporter (NIS). In the thyroid, NIS-mediated I− uptake plays a pivotal role in …