Background Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising anti-tumor modality that utilizes
oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially attack cancers rather than normal tissues. With the …

Tumor immune microenvironment is a very complex system that is influenced by a wide
range of factors; in this microenvironment, various immune cells, stromal cells, and cytokines …

The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) signaling pathway, a key player in immune checkpoint
regulation, has become a focal point in cancer immunotherapy. In the context of cancer …

Oncolytic virotherapy has become an important strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic
virus (OV) can reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) through its replication-mediated …

Insufficient intratumoral T-cell infiltration and lack of tumor-specific immune surveillance in
tumor microenvironment (TME) hinder the progression of cancer immunotherapy. In this …

Since the first approval of monoclonal antibodies by the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) in 1986, therapeutic antibodies have become one of the predominant …

The worldwide burden of cancers is increasing at a very high rate, including the aggressive
and resistant forms of cancers. Certain levels of breakthrough have been achieved with the …

Adenoviral vectors have been widely used as vaccine candidates or potential vaccine
candidates against infectious diseases due to the convenience of genome manipulation …

The concept of multi-targeted immunotherapeutic systems has propelled the field of cancer
immunotherapy into an exciting new era. Multi-effector molecules can be designed to …

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as therapeutically relevant anticancer agents as
contemporary immunotherapy gains traction. Furthermore, OVs are an ideal platform for …