In this second article of our two-part review, we focus on age-associated physiologic
changes involving the nervous, endocrine, hematologic, immune, and musculoskeletal …

Noradrenaline (NA) is a key neuromodulator for the regulation of behavioral state and
cognition. It supports learning by increasing arousal and vigilance, whereby new …

Developing therapeutics for traumatic brain injury remains a challenge for all stages of
recovery. The pathological features of traumatic brain injury are diverse, and it remains an …

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity has been strongly implicated in both in vitro and in vivo
learning models and the decline in cognitive function associated with aging and is linked to …

Neuroinflammation and neuro-oxidative damage are now considered to be key factors in the
neurological diseases. Therefore, it is important to study anti-inflammatory and …

The monoamine hypothesis claims that depression is a result of deficiency of serotonin
and/or noradrenaline in the neuronal synapses of the central nervous system. In recent …

The elderly have comparatively worse cognitive impairments from traumatic brain injury
(TBI) relative to younger adults, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie this …

One way to address such questions is to examine the CNS changes seen in stereotypy-
inducing environments, and Lewis and colleagues have conducted a series of experiments …

The network interaction between the dentate gyrus and area CA3 of the hippocampus is
responsible for pattern separation, a process that underlies the formation of new memories …

Recent studies implicated involvement of the 5‐hydroxytryptamine4 (5‐HT4) receptor in
cognitive and emotional processes. The highest 5‐HT4 receptor densities in the brain are …