In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular
comorbidities are highly prevalent and associated with considerable morbidity and mortality …

Over the last few years, there has been a renewed interest in patients with characteristics of
both asthma and COPD. Although the precise definition of asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) is …

Objectives In some studies comparing triple with dual combination therapies in COPD there
might be a possible effect of inhaler bias resulting from different inhaler devices being used …

Highlights•Dual bronchodilator therapy has clinical benefits in COPD.•Combining a LABA
with a LAMA synergistically relaxes medium and small airways.•In some approved …

Background Recent studies report a lower mortality rate during treatment with long-acting
muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA)/inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) …

Despite several long-acting β 2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA)/long-acting muscarinic
antagonist (LAMA) fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) are currently approved for the treatment …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous lung condition, primarily
characterized by the presence of a limited airflow, due to abnormalities of the airways and/or …

Abstract Tiotropium/olodaterol (Stiolto® Respimat®; Spiolto® Respimat®) is an inhaled fixed-
dose combination of the long-acting muscarinic antagonist tiotropium bromide (hereafter …

The current recommendations for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) are pushing towards triple combination therapy based on the combination of an …

A current hot topic in COPD is that two “fixed triple” combinations of an inhaled corticosteroid
(ICS), a long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) and a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) in a …