In less than 10 years, melanoma treatment has been revolutionized with the approval of
tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have been shown to …

Melanoma develops as a result of several genetic alterations, with UV radiation often acting
as a mutagenic risk factor. Deep knowledge of the molecular signaling pathways of different …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce carcinogenesis by causing genetic mutations,
activating oncogenes, and increasing oxidative stress, all of which affect cell proliferation …

An appropriate control over cell cycle progression depends on many factors. Cyclin-
dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 (also known as p21 WAF1/Cip1) is one of these …

Most tumor cells reprogram their glucose metabolism as a result of mutations in oncogenes
and tumor suppressors, leading to the constitutive activation of signaling pathways involved …

Oxidative stress basically defines a condition in which prooxidant–antioxidant balance in the
cell is disturbed; cellular biomolecules undergo severe oxidative damage, ultimately …

Immediate-early genes (IEGs) can be activated and transcribed within minutes after
stimulation, without the need for de novo protein synthesis, and they are stimulated in …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism
as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion. Oxidative …

ERK1 and ERK2 are related protein-serine/threonine kinases that participate in the Ras-Raf-
MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade. This cascade participates in the regulation of a large …

The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …