Retinoic acid (RA) signalling has a central role during vertebrate development. RA
synthesized in specific locations regulates transcription by interacting with nuclear RA …

Retinoic acid (RA), the major bioactive metabolite of retinol or vitamin A, induces a spectrum
of pleiotropic effects in cell growth and differentiation that are relevant for embryonic …

The study of brain development in humans is limited by the lack of tissue samples and
suitable in vitro models. Here, we model early human neural tube development using …

The origin of organismal complexity is generally thought to be tightly coupled to the
evolution of new gene functions arising subsequent to gene duplication. Under the classical …

The neural circuits governing vital behaviors, such as respiration and locomotion, are
comprised of discrete neuronal populations residing within the brainstem and spinal cord …

HOX genes encode an evolutionarily conserved set of transcription factors that control how
the phenotype of an organism becomes organized during development based on its genetic …

The evolution of digits was an essential step in the success of tetrapods. Among the key
players, Hoxd genes are coordinately regulated in developing digits, where they help …

The functions of estrogen receptors (ERs) in mouse ovary and genital tracts were
investigated by generating null mutants for ERα (ERαKO), ERβ (ERβKO) and both ERs …

A number of studies have suggested that the active derivative of vitamin A, retinoic acid
(RA), may be important for early development of mammalian embryos 1, 2. Severe vitamin A …

The pleiotropic effects of retinoids are mediated by nuclear retinoid receptors (RARs and
RXRs) which are ligand-activated transcription factors. In response to retinoid binding …