Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting
cortisol biosynthesis. Reduced activity of an enzyme required for cortisol production leads to …

Health-related conditions often differ qualitatively or quantitatively between individuals of
different birth-assigned sexes and gender identities, and/or with different gendered …

In 1993, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) enacted the Revitalization Act to establish
guidelines for inclusion of women and minorities in clinical research. In 2016, the NIH …

Sex differences in exercise physiology, such as substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle
fatigability, stem from inherent biological factors, including endogenous hormones and …

To improve the outcomes of research and medicine, government-based international
research funding agencies have implemented various types of policies and mechanisms …

Increased intracellular iron spurs mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration to satisfy high-
energy demand during osteoclast differentiation and bone-resorbing activities. Transferrin …

The fair inclusion of female athletes at elite and Olympic levels is secured in most sports by
way of female categories because of the extensively documented biological and …

Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex
differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones …

Background To combat historical underrepresentation of female participants in research,
guidelines have been established to motivate equal participation by both sexes. However …

Background: The beneficial relationship between physical fitness and cognitive performance
is affected and modulated by a wide diversity of factors that seem to be more sensitive …