Pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic variants that impact drug effects through changes
in a drug's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenomics is being …

Personalized medicine aims to tailor drug combination and dosage manufacturing to the
specific needs of a patient by taking into consideration its genetic profile, phenotypic …

Genetic variations and gender contribute significantly to the large interpatient variations in
opioid-related serious adverse effects and differences in pain relief with other analgesics …

Background Opioids are widely used for chronic low back pain (CLBP); however, it is still
unclear how to predict their effectiveness and safety. Codeine, tramadol and oxycodone are …

Morphine is an opioid analgesic indicated in the treatment of acute and chronic moderate to
severe pain. From a pharmacodynamic standpoint, morphine exerts its effects by agonizing …

Poppy seeds are obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). They are used
as food and to produce edible oil. The opium poppy plant contains narcotic alkaloids such …

A recent study from our lab has revealed a link between morphine-mediated autophagy and
synaptic impairment. The current study was aimed at investigating whether morphine …

Genetic variants associate with inter-individual variability in drug responses and they can
affect pain sensitivity and intensity of postoperative pain. Despite the recent progress in …

Background Variation in the CYP2D6 gene may affect response to opioids in both poor and
ultrarapid metabolizers, but data demonstrating such associations have been mixed, and the …

Abstract Purpose of Review Pain is multifactorial and complex, often with a genetic
component. Pharmacogenomics is a relative new field, which allows for the development of …