Long-COVID is a postviral illness that can affect survivors of COVID-19, regardless of initial
disease severity or age. Symptoms of long-COVID include fatigue, dyspnea, gastrointestinal …

The trigeminal nerve (V) is the fifth and largest of all cranial nerves, and it is responsible for
detecting sensory stimuli that arise from the craniofacial area. The nerve is divided into three …

The opioid epidemic has led to a serious examination of the use of opioids for the treatment
of pain. Opioid drugs are effective due to the expression of opioid receptors throughout the …

Many advances in understanding the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease (PD) have been
based on research addressing its motor symptoms and phenotypes. Various data-driven …

Moderate-to-severe pain is a common problem experienced by patients with cancer.
Although analgesic drugs are effective, adverse side effects are common and some …

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) exerts bidirectional descending modulation of pain
attributable to the activity of electrophysiologically identified pronociceptive ON and …

Unlike physiological stress, which carries survival value, pathological stress is widespread
in modern society and acts as a main risk factor for visceral pain. As the main stress …

The brainstem is known to be an important brain area for nociception and pain processing,
and both relaying and coordinating signaling between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal …

Chronic pain often predicts the onset of psychological distress. Symptoms including anxiety
and depression after pain chronification reportedly are caused by brain remodeling …

Improvements in screening, diagnosis and treatment of cancer has seen cancer mortality
substantially diminish in the past three decades. It is estimated there are almost 20 million …