Neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are essential for neuronal
survival and growth. The signaling cascades initiated by BDNF and its receptor are the key …

Depression, a severe psychiatric disorder, has been studied for decades, but the underlying
mechanisms still remain largely unknown. Depression is closely associated with alterations …

It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In
particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with prominent loss of
nigro‐striatal dopaminergic neurons. The resultant dopamine (DA) deficiency underlies the …

Mitochondria are the main suppliers of neuronal adenosine triphosphate and play a critical
role in brain energy metabolism. Mitochondria also serve as Ca2+ sinks and anabolic …

In brain, signaling mediated by cell adhesion molecules defines the identity and functional
properties of synapses. The specificity of presynaptic and postsynaptic interactions that is …

Chronic pain often leads to depression, increasing patient suffering and worsening
prognosis. While hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) appears to be critically …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. TBIs, which
range in severity from mild to severe, occur when a traumatic event, such as a fall, a traffic …

Synucleinopathies are characterized by the accumulation of insoluble α-synuclein (αSyn).
To test whether αSyn aggregates modulate synaptic activity, we used a recently developed …

Dendritic spines are the major transmitter reception compartments of glutamatergic
synapses in most principal neurons of the mammalian brain and play a key role in the …