α-Conotoxins are disulfide-rich peptide neurotoxins that selectively inhibit neuronal nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The α3β4 nAChR subtype has been identified as a novel …

During tobacco and e-cigarette use, nicotine is mainly metabolized in the human liver by
cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). Given that a slower CYP2A6 metabolism has been …

A major obstacle to successful smoking cessation is the prospect of weight gain. Despite a
clear relationship between cigarette smoking and body weight, surprisingly little is known …

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was originally isolated from the
hypothalamus and found to stimulate adenylyl cyclase in the pituitary. Later studies showed …

The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is a bilateral structure localized in the brainstem
and comprise of mainly GABAergic neurons. One of the main functions of the RMTg is to …

Abstract Background The CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene locus is associated with nicotine
dependence and other smoking related disorders. While the non-synonymous CHRNA5 …

Nicotine intake is likely to result from a balance between the rewarding and aversive
properties of the drug, yet the individual differences in neural activity that control aversion to …

Nicotine-withdrawal after daily exposure manifests somatic and affective symptom including
a range of cognitive deficits. Earlier studies suggested participation of L-type calcium …

Background Animal models are needed to inform FDA regulation of electronic cigarettes
(ECs) because they avoid limitations associated with human studies. We previously reported …

Electronic cigarette use has dramatically increased over the last decade. With this recent
technological development and wide range of constituents in various products, putative …