Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

In ligand bias different agonist drugs are thought to produce distinct signaling outputs when
activating the same receptor. If these signaling outputs mediate therapeutic versus adverse …

Cells operate through protein interaction networks organized in space and time. Here, we
describe an approach to resolve both dimensions simultaneously by using proximity …

Drug addiction is a worldwide societal problem and public health burden, and results from
recreational drug use that develops into a complex brain disorder. The opioid system, one of …

Opioids are the most effective drugs for the treatment of severe pain, but they also cause
addiction and overdose deaths, which have led to a worldwide opioid crisis. Therefore, the …

Achieving effective pain management is one of the major challenges associated with
modern day medicine. Opioids, such as morphine, have been the reference treatment for …

About 50 million of the US adult population suffer from chronic pain. It is a complex disease
in its own right for which currently available analgesics have been deemed woefully …

Selective activation of the δ-opioid receptor (DOP) has great potential for the treatment of
chronic pain, benefitting from ancillary anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. Moreover …

Pain is highly prevalent in patients with pancreas cancer and contributes to the morbidity of
the disease. Pain may be due to pancreatic enzyme insufficiency, obstruction, and/or a direct …

Mechanisms of opioid tolerance have focused on adaptive modifications within cells
containing opioid receptors, defined here as cellular allostasis, emphasizing regulation of …