Fossil pollen records are well-established indicators of past vegetation changes. The
prevalence of pollen across environmental settings including lakes, wetlands, and marine …

Abstract The Little Ice Age (LIA) is known as one of the coldest stages of the Holocene. Most
records from the Northern Hemisphere show evidence of significantly colder conditions …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

The last glacial cycle provides the opportunity to investigate large changes in the Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) beyond the small fluctuations evidenced from …

The mid-Holocene (6000 years ago) is a standard experiment for the evaluation of the
simulated response of global climate models using paleoclimate reconstructions. The latest …

The distribution of living organisms on Earth is spatially structured. Early biogeographers
identified the existence of multiple zoogeographical regions, characterized by faunas with …

Background It is well established that the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems depends on
biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks occurring at the soil-plant-atmosphere (SPA) …

In modern environmental and climate science it is necessary to assimilate observational
datasets collected over decades with outputs from numerical models, to enable a full …

The “paleo calendar effect” is a common expression for the impact that changes in the length
of months or seasons over time, related to changes in the eccentricity of Earth's orbit and …