8.2. Effects in the pancreas 8.3. Effects on the intestinal sphincter 8.4. Effects on intestinal
motility 8.5. Effects on intestinal cellular proliferation 8.6. Effects on intestinal fluid and ion …

2.1. 2.1. Light microscopy 2.1. 2.2. Electron microscopy 2.1. 3. Acetylcholine 2.1. 3.1. Light
microscopy 2.1. 3.2. Electron microscopy 2.1. 4. Coexistence of GABA, giycine and …

The third edition of this monograph continues to have the goal of providing an overview of
current thought about the spinal cord mechanisms that are responsible for sensory …

This book presents a new homeostatic theory of stress and distress and uses it to explain
how systems using the endogenous catecholamines—norepinephrine, epinephrine, and …

The prevalence of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, continues to
increase worldwide. Although newer and more advanced therapies are available, current …

The nucleus paragigantocellularis in the ventrolateral medulla has been implicated in
cardiovascular, pain, and analgesic functions; and it has also been found to be a major …

The past decade has witnessed rapid progress in defining neural circuits and mechanisms
in the brain, responsible for regulation of the sympathetic nerve activity and cardiovascular …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was first discovered and characterized as a 36‐amino‐acid peptide
neurotransmitter in 1982. It is widely distributed in the central nervous system, with …

In order to determine whether or not neuropeptide Y coexists with GABA or glycine in rat
dorsal horn, we have examined 84 neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in laminae I–III …

A population of neurons localized to a small region of the brain stem reticular formation, the
rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL), is the principal area of the brainstem regulating …