Grouping strategies are needed for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in part,
because it would be time and resource intensive to test and evaluate the more than 4700 …

This paper summarizes current challenges, the potential use of novel scientific
methodologies, and ways forward in the risk assessment and risk management of mixtures …

Although herbal medicinal products (HMP) have been perceived by the public as relatively
low risk, there has been more recognition of the potential risks associated with this type of …

From a theoretical point of view, it has often been argued that the model of independent
action (IA) is the most correct reference model to use for predicting the joint effect of mixtures …

Anthropogenic activities are regarded as point sources of pollution entering freshwater
bodies worldwide. With over 350,000 chemicals used in manufacturing, wastewater …

The risk assessment of pesticide residues in food is based on toxicological evaluation of the
single compounds and no internationally accepted procedure exists for evaluation of …

Cooking emission is known to be a significant anthropogenic source of air pollution in urban
areas, but its toxicities are still unclear. This study addressed the toxicities of fine particulate …

Many widely used chemicals result in ubiquitous human exposure from multiple sources,
including diet. Legislation mainly deals with the toxicological evaluation of single …

Toxicity assays using fish cells and embryos continue to gain momentum as a more ethical
and informative alternative to fish acute toxicity testing. The goal of our study was to test the …

Pesticides usually present in mixtures in surface waters, although they are traditionally
regulated on an individual basis in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we aimed to …