Women are at twice the risk for anxiety and depression disorders as men are, although the
underlying biological factors and mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we …

Gonadal hormones play a key role in the establishment, activation, and regulation of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. By influencing the response and sensitivity to …

Background The efficacy of vaginal progesterone for preventing preterm birth and adverse
perinatal outcomes in singleton gestations with a short cervix has been questioned after …

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex, which
includes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. 1 However, the term “corticosteroids” is …

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) has been recognized now for several decades as playing a
key role in reproduction and exerting functions in numerous nonreproductive tissues. In this …

Glucocorticoids are primary stress hormones necessary for life that regulate numerous
physiologic processes in an effort to maintain homeostasis. Synthetic derivatives of these …

Glucocorticoids are essential steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal gland in response
to stress. Since their discovery in the 1940s, glucocorticoids have been widely prescribed to …

Progesterone receptor (PR) mediates the actions of the ovarian steroid progesterone, which
together with estradiol regulates gonadotropin secretion, prepares the endometrium for …

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the use of vaginal progesterone in asymptomatic women
with a sonographic short cervix (≤ 25 mm) in the midtrimester reduces the risk of preterm …

In the twentieth century, the dominant model of sexual differentiation stated that genetic sex
(XX versus XY) causes differentiation of the gonads, which then secrete gonadal hormones …