The autophagic pathway involves the encapsulation of substrates in double-membraned
vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to the lysosome for enzymatic degradation and …

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are universal enzymes of organisms that live in the
presence of oxygen. They catalyze the conversion of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in cancer. The level of
ROS will determine physiological effects. While high levels of ROS can cause damage to …

Autophagy is a catabolic process for unnecessary or dysfunctional cytoplasmic contents by
lysosomal degradation pathways. Autophagy is implicated in various biological processes …

This review examines the generation of reactive oxygen species by mammalian
mitochondria, and the status of different sites of production in redox signaling and pathology …

Skeletal muscle possesses a remarkable ability to adapt to various physiologic conditions.
AMPK is a sensor of intracellular energy status that maintains energy stores by fine-tuning …

Haemodynamic forces influence the functional properties of vascular endothelium.
Endothelial cells (ECs) have a variety of receptors, which sense flow and transmit …

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels by endothelial cells (ECs), is an adaptive
response to oxygen/nutrient deprivation orchestrated by vascular endothelial growth factor …

Significance: The molecular machinery regulating autophagy has started becoming
elucidated, and a number of studies have undertaken the task to determine the role of …

Significance: Oxidative (reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and nitrosative (reactive nitrogen
species [RNS]) stress affects many physiological processes, including survival and death …