Importance Substantial preclinical evidence suggests that the developing brain is
susceptible to injury from anesthetic drugs. Findings from clinical studies of the neurotoxic …

Background Hippocampal avoidance has been suggested as a strategy to reduce short-term
memory decline in adults receiving whole-brain radiation therapy (RT). The purpose of this …

Objective To evaluate the incidence of brain injury after neonatal surgery for noncardiac
congenital anomalies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Study design An MRI was …

Background In adults, frontal electroencephalogram patterns observed during propofol-
induced unconsciousness consist of slow oscillations (0.1 to 1 Hz) and coherent alpha …

Introduction Understanding the duration of pediatric general anesthesia exposure in
contemporary practice is important for identifying groups at risk for long general anesthesia …

Background Neurotoxicity of anaesthetics in developing brain cells is well documented in
preclinical studies, yet results are conflicting in humans. The use of many and different …

Safeguarding cerebral function is of major importance during pediatric anesthesia.
Premature, ex‐premature, and full‐term neonates can be vulnerable to physiological …

Importance Clinical studies of neurodevelopmental outcomes after anesthetic exposure
have evaluated a range of outcomes with mixed results. Objective To examine via meta …

Hypospadias is among the most prevalent urogenital malformations in male newborns. It is
characterized by the displacement of the urethral meatus to the ventral side of the penis, an …

Advances in antenatal screening have provided evidence that the prevalence of congenital
pulmonary airway malformation is higher than previously thought. This means that, on a …