ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that
revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system …

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the renal
proximal tubule, an insulin-independent mechanism that plays a critical role in glycemic …

SGLT2 inhibitors are antihyperglycemic drugs that protect kidneys and the heart of patients
with or without type 2 diabetes and preserved or reduced kidney function from failing. The …

Abstract Sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors have been demonstrated to
reduce cardiovascular events, particularly heart failure, in cardiovascular outcome trials …

Epicardial adipose tissue has unique properties that distinguish it from other depots of
visceral fat. Rather than having distinct boundaries, the epicardium shares an unobstructed …

Abstract Sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a new type of glucose-
lowering drug that can reduce blood glucose by inhibiting its reabsorption in proximal …

Background The principal biological processes that characterize heart failure with a
preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are systemic inflammation, epicardial adipose tissue …

Obesity is a complex condition that is characterized by excessive fat accumulation, which
can lead to the development of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus …

Thirty years ago, a novel axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was unveiled by the
discovery of angiotensin-(1− 7)[ANG-(1− 7)] generation in vivo. Later, angiotensin …

The heart is lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells called the epicardium that provides
important cellular contributions for embryonic heart formation. The epicardium harbors a …