Alzheimer disease (AD) is a frequent and devastating neurodegenerative disease in
humans, but still no curative treatment has been developed. Although many explicative …

Interleukin-6 is an inflammatory cytokine with wide-ranging biological effects. It has been
widely demonstrated that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development of …

Background Activated astrocytes play important roles in chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP).
Recent studies have shown reactive astrocytes are classified into A1 and A2 phenotypes …

Chronic pain is challenging to treat due to the limited therapeutic options and adverse side-
effects of therapies. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous …

Minocycline hydrochloride (MH), a semi-synthetic tetracycline derivative, is a clinically
available antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits potent neuroprotective …

Background Several retinal pathologies exhibit both inflammation and breakdown of the
inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) resulting in vascular permeability, suggesting that …

Bone metabolism is a lifelong process that includes bone formation and resorption.
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the predominant cell types associated with bone …

Chronic pain relief remains an unmet medical need. Current research points to a substantial
contribution of glia-neuron interaction in its pathogenesis. Particularly, microglia play a …

The absence of selective pharmacological tools is a major barrier to the in vivo study of
microglia. To address this issue, we developed a G q-and G i-coupled Designer Receptor …

Chronic pain is a refractory health disease worldwide causing an enormous economic
burden on individuals and society. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation in the …