In multicellular organisms, angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-
existing ones, is an essential process for growth and development. Different mechanisms …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was initially recognized as a factor that causes the
necrosis of tumors, but it has been recently identified to have additional important functions …

Increased osteoclast (OC) differentiation and activity is the critical event that results in bone
loss and joint destruction in common pathological bone conditions, such as osteoporosis …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important for the induction and maintenance of peripheral
tolerance therefore, they are key in preventing excessive immune responses and …

TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine with important functions in homeostasis and disease
pathogenesis. Recent discoveries have provided insights into TNF biology that introduce …

Cytokines have pivotal roles in immunity, making them attractive as therapeutics for a variety
of immune-related disorders. However, the widespread clinical use of cytokines has been …

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine which signals through TNF receptor
1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that TNFR1 …

Autoimmune diseases are a result of the immune system being misdirected toward its host
and have major and increasing unmet clinical needs. In general, present therapies are …

Systemic and local chronic inflammation might enhance the risk of pancreatic ductal
adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and PDAC-associated inflammatory infiltrate in the tumor …

Although initially described as an anti-tumor mediator, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is
generally considered as the master pro-inflammatory cytokine. It plays a crucial role in the …