Light is the most important Zeitgeber for entraining animal activity rhythms to the 24-h day. In
all animals, the eyes are the main visual organs that are not only responsible for motion and …

During postembryonic life, hormones, including ecdysteroids, juvenile hormones, insulin-like
peptides, and activin/TGFβ ligands act to transform the larval nervous system into an adult …

Photoreceptors for visual perception, phototaxis or light avoidance are typically clustered in
eyes or related structures such as the Bolwig organ of Drosophila larvae. Unexpectedly, we …

The rate of action potential firing in nociceptors is a major determinant of the intensity of
pain. Possible modulators of action potential firing include the HCN ion channels, which …

Animals partition their daily activity rhythms through their internal circadian clocks, which are
synchronized by oscillating day–night cycles of light. The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster …

A sensitivity of the circadian clock to light/dark cycles ensures that biological rhythms
maintain optimal phase relationships with the external day. In animals, the circadian clock …

The visual pigments known as opsins are the primary molecular basis for colour vision in
animals. Insects are among the most diverse of animal groups and their visual systems …

Models for genetic regulation and cell fate specification characteristically assume that gene
regulatory networks (GRNs) are essentially deterministic and exhibit multiple stable states …

Color and motion information are thought to be channeled through separate neural
pathways, but it remains unclear whether and how these pathways interact to improve …

Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a major feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is
associated with much of its morbidity. To date, significant insight has been gained into the …