T cell activation is a highly regulated process involving peptide–MHC engagement of the T
cell receptor and positive costimulatory signals. Upon activation, coinhibitory'checkpoints' …

The recent success of PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade in cancer therapy illustrates the important
role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in the regulation of antitumor immune responses. However …

Immunotherapy is being increasingly recognized as a key therapeutic modality to treat
cancer and represents one of the most exciting treatments for the disease. Fighting cancer …

Following immune attack, solid tumors upregulate coinhibitory ligands that bind to inhibitory
receptors on T cells. This adaptive resistance compromises the efficacy of chimeric antigen …

Fundamental cancer research and the development of efficacious antineoplastic treatments
both rely on experimental systems in which the relationship between malignant cells and …

Exosomes (Exos) as drug delivery vehicles have been widely used for cancer
immunotherapy owing to their good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity …

Combination therapy and nanotechnology offer a promising therapeutic method in cancer
treatment. By improving drug's pharmacokinetics, nanoparticulate systems increase the …

Immunotherapies are the most rapidly growing drug class and have a major impact in
oncology and on human health. It is increasingly clear that the effectiveness of …

Metastasis of cancer cells to the brain occurs frequently in patients with certain subtypes of
breast cancer. In particular, patients with HER2-positive or triple-negative breast cancer are …

For a long time, cisplatin-based chemotherapy had been viewed as first-line chemotherapy
for advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, many patients with UC …