Effectors play a central role in determining the outcome of plant− pathogen interactions. As
key virulence proteins, effectors are collectively indispensable for disease development. By …

Understanding how microbial pathogens adapt to treatments, humans and clinical
environments is key to infer mechanisms of virulence, transmission and drug resistance …

The Penicillia are known to produce a wide range natural products—some with devastating
outcome for the agricultural industry and others with unexploited potential in different …

Highlights•Plant pathogens specialise to the infection of distinct hosts. Host specialisation
involves changes in sequence composition and gene regulation that allow the pathogen to …

Fungal pathogens cause devastating disease in crops. Understanding the evolutionary
origin of pathogens is essential to the prediction of future disease emergence and the …

MLO (mildew locus O) genes play a vital role in plant disease defense system, especially
powdery mildew (PM). Lagenaria siceraria is a distinct Cucurbitaceae crop, and PM is one of …

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi associated with plants constitute one of the most successful
symbiotic interactions in forest ecosystems. ECM support trophic exchanges with host plants …

Background: The MBF1 genes are transcription co-activators that trigger the transcription
factors activity by bridging TATA-element binding proteins and basic leucine zipper (bZIP) …

Once deposited in the plant cell wall, pectin undergoes demethylesterification by
endogenous pectin methylesterases (PMEs), which play various roles in growth and …

Tests based on the d N/d S statistic are used to identify positive selection of nonsynonymous
polymorphisms. Using these tests on alignments of all orthologs from related species can …