Biological nitrogen fixation in rhizobia occurs primarily in root or stem nodules and is
induced by the bacteria present in legume plants. This symbiotic process has fascinated …

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants is part of the normal metabolism
of chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes; however, the exposure to environmental …

Flowering plants have evolved numerous intraspecific and interspecific prezygotic
reproductive barriers to prevent production of unfavourable offspring. Within a species, self …

Plant responses to abiotic stress include various modifications in amino acid metabolism. By
using a hydroponic culture system, we systematically investigate modification in amino acid …

Plants are exposed to diverse abiotic stresses like drought, heat, salinity, and high-metal
concentrations at different stages of their life cycle. As protection against stress, plants …

Thallium (Tl+) is a trace metal with extreme toxicity and is highly soluble in water, posing a
great risk to ecological and human safety. This work aimed to investigate the role played by …

In plans, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as a multifunctional signaling
molecule that modulates both stress and growth responses. Early studies on ROS in plants …

Calcium is a ubiquitous second messenger that mediates plant responses to developmental
and environmental cues. Calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CDPK s) are key actors of …

Nitrogen is a limiting resource for plant growth in most terrestrial habitats since large
amounts of nitrogen are needed to synthesize nucleic acids and proteins. Among the 21 …

Species that propagate by sexual reproduction actively guard against the fertilization of an
egg by multiple sperm (polyspermy). Flowering plants rely on pollen tubes to transport their …