Objective. To identify all financial incentives that had been proposed, described, or used
regardless of their initial objective and, when possible, to assess the results of these …

Background The proportion of total healthcare expenditures spent on drugs has continued to
grow in countries of all income categories. Policy‐makers are under pressure to control …

The 1991 reforms to the UK NHS created a group of buyers of hospital care from amongst
primary care physicians. The implementation of the reforms was such that these buyers had …

Background Pharmaceuticals, while central to medical therapy, pose a significant burden to
health care budgets. Therefore regulations to control prescribing costs and improve quality …

Waiting times for hospital care are a significant issue in the UK National Health Service
(NHS). The reforms of the health service in 1990 gave a subset of family doctors (GP …

Change is a seemingly permanent feature of NHS life. Organisations are revamped, funding
flows redirected and lines of accountability redrawn as the political tide sweeps …

In 1990 the UK Government announced the introduction of general practitioner (GP)
fundholding whereby GPs were given a budget from which to purchase some health care …

OBJECTIVES: Some doctors perform the dual roles of prescribing and dispensing
pharmaceuticals. The dispensing doctors (DDs) role may give rise to prescribing behaviours …

A new development in the British National Health Service is fundholding, whereby certain
general practitioners are given budgets from which they purchase services for patients. Our …

To contain pharmaceutical spending, drug budgets have been introduced across health
systems. Apart from analyzing whether drug budgets fulfill their overall goal of reducing …