Health-related conditions often differ qualitatively or quantitatively between individuals of
different birth-assigned sexes and gender identities, and/or with different gendered …

Background The early life environment experienced by an individual in utero and during the
neonatal period is a major factor in shaping later life disease risk-including susceptibility to …

Oestradiol establishes neural sex differences in many vertebrates 1, 2, 3 and modulates
mood, behaviour and energy balance in adulthood 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. In the canonical pathway …

Sex has a role in the incidence and outcome of neurological illnesses, also influencing the
response to treatments. Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset and progression of …

As global plastic production continues to grow, microplastics released from a massive
quantity of plastic wastes have become a critical environmental concern. These microplastic …

Although classically known as an endocrine signal produced by the ovary, 17β-estradiol (E
2) is also a neurosteroid produced in neurons and astrocytes in the brain of many different …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in working memory and self-regulatory and goal-
directed behaviors and displays remarkable structural and functional plasticity over the life …

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

Parkinson's disease (PD) displays a greater prevalence and earlier age at onset in men.
This review addresses the concept that sex differences in PD are determined, largely, by …

Sex differences between males and females can be detected early in life. They are present
also later even to a much greater extent affecting our life in adulthood and a wide spectrum …