RNA-based therapies have catalyzed a revolutionary transformation in the biomedical
landscape, offering unprecedented potential in disease prevention and treatment. However …

The genetic code of living cells has been reprogrammed to enable the site-specific
incorporation of hundreds of non-canonical amino acids into proteins, and the encoded …

Ribosome-dependent protein biosynthesis is an essential cellular process mediated by
transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Generally, ribosomally synthesized proteins are limited to the 22 …

Sitting on the interface between biologics and small molecules, peptides represent an
emerging class of therapeutics. Numerous techniques have been developed in the past 30 …

Using directed evolution, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) have been engineered to
incorporate numerous noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). Until now, the selection of such …

Templated synthesis of proteins containing non-natural amino acids (nnAAs) promises to
expand the chemical space available to biological therapeutics and materials, but existing …

Over 20 years ago, the pyrrolysine encoding translation system was discovered in specific
archaea. Our Review provides an overview of how the once obscure pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The programmed synthesis of sequence-defined biomaterials whose monomer backbones
diverge from those of canonical α-amino acids represents the next frontier in protein and …

Proteins and polypeptides containing extended backbone monomers embody highly
desirable structures and functions, but they cannot yet be biosynthesized in cells. There are …

Genetic code expansion enables site‐specific photo‐crosslinking by introducing photo‐
reactive non‐canonical amino acids into proteins at defined positions during translation …