Abstract Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD)-modeling links dose-concentration
relationships (PK) and concentration-effect relationships (PD), thereby facilitating the …

In the future, biomarkers will play an increasingly important role in all phases of drug
development, including regulatory review. However, only a few of these biomarkers will …

A systems pharmacology model typically integrates pharmacokinetic, biochemical network,
and systems biology concepts into a unifying approach. It typically consists of a large …

In recent years, biotechnologically derived peptide and protein-based drugs have
developed into mainstream therapeutic agents. Peptide and protein drugs now constitute a …

Bisphosphonates suppress osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and are widely used in the
management of osteoporosis. Daily oral administration of alendronic acid and risedronic …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface between the blood and the brain. It
eliminates (toxic) substances from the endothelial compartment and supplies the brain with …

Mechanism-based PK-PD models differ from conventional PK-PD models in that they
contain specific expressions to characterize, in a quantitative manner, processes on the …

Comparative‐effectiveness research (CER) aims to produce actionable evidence regarding
the effectiveness and safety of medical products and interventions as they are used outside …

The two domains in clinical pharmacology dealing with optimizing dosing recommendations
are pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. However, the usefulness of these disciplines …

Abstract The Visual Predictive Check (VPC) is a valuable and supportive instrument for
evaluating model performance. However in its most commonly applied form, the method …