Abstract Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce heart failure events by
direct action on the failing heart that is independent of changes in renal tubular function. In …

The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been increasing worldwide, and diabetic kidney
disease (DKD) remains one of the leading long-term complications of T2D. Several lines of …

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM),
is the major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal interstitial fibrosis is a crucial …

The sirtuin system consists of seven highly conserved regulatory enzymes responsible for
metabolism, antioxidant protection, and cell cycle regulation. The great interest in sirtuins is …

Excessive cardiac fibrosis and inflammation aberrantly contribute to the progressive
pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). Whether sodium‐glucose …

Hypoxia, characterized by reduced oxygen concentration, is a significant stressor that affects
the survival of aerobic species and plays a prominent role in cardiovascular diseases. From …

The development of the foetal heart is driven by increased glucose uptake and activation of
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), which …

Abstract Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors induce glycosuria, reduce
insulin levels, and promote fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. By promoting a nutrient …

Cardiorenal syndrome consists in the coexistence of acute or chronic dysfunction of heart
and kidneys resulting in a cascade of feedback mechanisms and causing damage to both …

Renal anemia is treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), even though epoetin
alfa and darbepoetin increase the risk of cardiovascular death and thromboembolic events …