Immune checkpoints consist of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways that maintain self-
tolerance and assist with immune response. In cancer, immune checkpoint pathways are …

Antibodies are the most rapidly growing drug class and have a major impact on human
health, particularly in oncology, autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory diseases. Many of …

Immunotherapy has recently entered a renaissance phase with the approval of multiple
agents for the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy stands ready to join traditional modalities …

4-1BB (CD137, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 9) is an inducible costimulatory
receptor expressed on activated T and natural killer (NK) cells. 4-1BB ligation on T cells …

This review focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors–immunomodulatory agents that aim to
relieve tumour-mediated immune-cell suppression. Immune checkpoint proteins can be …

Cancer immunotherapy is now a powerful clinical reality, with a steady progression of new
drug approvals and a massive pipeline of additional treatments in clinical and preclinical …

At the turn of the last century, the emerging field of medical oncology chose a cytotoxic
approach to cancer therapy over an immune-centered approach at a time when evidence in …

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized oncology practice. However, current protein and
cell therapy tools used in cancer immunotherapy are far from perfect, and there is room for …

Accumulating research suggests that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays an
essential role in regulation of tumor growth and metastasis. The cellular and molecular …

Multiple myeloma (MM) is typically exemplified by a desynchronized cytokine system with
increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. We focused on the contrast between …