The large genetic and structural divergences between plants and fungi may hinder the
transmission of viruses between these two kingdoms to some extent. However, recent …

Plant pathogens are a significant challenge in agriculture despite our best efforts to combat
them. One of the most effective and sustainable ways to manage plant pathogens is to use …

Many fungi and oomycete species are devasting plant pathogens. These eukaryotic
filamentous pathogens secrete effector proteins to facilitate plant infection. Fungi and …

Microorganisms are found everywhere, and they are closely associated with plants.
Because the establishment of any plant–microbe association involves chemical …

Pathogens utilize multiple types of effectors to modulate plant immunity. Although many
apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors have been reported, nuclear effectors have not been …

Filamentous pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, pose major threats to global food
security. Crop pathogens cause damage by secreting effectors that manipulate the host to …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a prominent mechanism of transport and interaction
between cells, especially microbes. Increasing evidence indicates that EVs play a key role in …

Fungal pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors, some of which are known to promote
host susceptibility. This biological complexity, together with the lack of genetic tools in some …

Nematode-trapping (NT) fungi play a significant role in the biological control of plant-
parasitic nematodes. NT fungi, as a predator, can differentiate into specialized structures …

Filamentous (oomycete and fungal) plant pathogens deliver cytoplasmic effector proteins
into host cells to facilitate disease. How RXLR effectors from the potato late blight pathogen …