The central amygdala (CeA) plays a central role in physiologic and behavioral responses to
fearful stimuli, stressful stimuli, and drug-related stimuli. The CeA receives dense inputs from …

Abstract Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a
neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings …

Avoidance is typically considered a maladaptive behavioral response to excessive fear and
anxiety, leading to the maintenance of anxiety disorders. Exposure is a core element of …

Anxiety disorders are a significant problem in the community, and recent neuroimaging
research has focused on determining the brain circuits that underlie them. Research on the …

The psychology of extinction has been studied for decades. Approximately 10 years ago,
however, there began a concerted effort to understand the neural circuits of extinction of fear …

Emotional events often attain a privileged status in memory. Cognitive neuroscientists have
begun to elucidate the psychological and neural mechanisms underlying emotional …

The prevailing neurocircuitry models of anxiety disorders have been amygdalocentric in
form. The bases for such models have progressed from theoretical considerations …

Evidence from pioneering animal research has suggested that the amygdala is involved in
the processing of aversive stimuli, particularly fear-related information. Fear is central in the …

Although approximately 90% of the US population will experience a traumatic event within
their lifetime, only a fraction of those traumatized individuals will develop posttraumatic …

Fear conditioning and extinction are basic forms of associative learning that have gained
considerable clinical relevance in enhancing our understanding of anxiety disorders and …