Research on the effects of opioids on immune responses was stimulated in the 1980s by the
intersection of use of intravenous heroin and HIV infection, to determine if opioids were …

Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain. Their clinical
application is undisputed in acute (eg, postoperative) and cancer pain, but their long-term …

Natural products found in Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom, represent
diverse scaffolds (indole, indolenine, and spiro pseudoindoxyl) with opioid activity, providing …

Mu-opioid receptor agonists represent mainstays of pain management. However, the
therapeutic use of these agents is associated with serious side effects, including potentially …

The roles of opioid receptors in pain and addiction have been extensively studied, but their
function in mood disorders has received less attention. Accumulating evidence from animal …

Drug addiction is a worldwide societal problem and public health burden, and results from
recreational drug use that develops into a complex brain disorder. The opioid system, one of …

In addition to their role in protein degradation and digestion, proteases can also function as
hormone-like signaling molecules that regulate vital patho-physiological processes …

Comorbidity is a major issue in psychiatry that notably associates with more severe
symptoms, longer illness duration, and higher service utilization. Therefore, identifying key …

Achieving effective pain management is one of the major challenges associated with
modern day medicine. Opioids, such as morphine, have been the reference treatment for …

Introduction Adaptogens are natural compounds or plant extracts that increase adaptability
and survival of organisms under stress. Adaptogens stimulate cellular and organismal …