Combination drugs are an important class of US FDA approved pharmaceuticals. These
drugs have been on a continuous growth trajectory since the first combination drugs were …

Background Three classes of inhaler medications are used to manage chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD): long‐acting beta‐agonists (LABA), long‐acting muscarinic …

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily
and are widely known to mediate numerous functions within the central and peripheral …

Cytokines are key players in the initiation and propagation of inflammation in chronic
inflammatory airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) …

Most patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present with
hallmark features of airway mucus hypersecretion, including cough and expectoration …

Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with
airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation. Although asthma was once simply …

Decreasing the frequency and severity of exacerbations is one of the main goals of
treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several studies have …

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are
broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and other tissues in the periphery …

Background Nowadays, there is a considerable gap in knowledge concerning the
mechanism (s) by which long-acting β 2-agonists (LABAs) and long-acting muscarinic …

Obstructive lung diseases, including asthma and COPD, are characterized by air-flow
limitation. Bronchodilator therapy can often decrease symptoms of air-flow obstruction by …