Peripheral and central sensitizations of the trigeminal nervous system are the main
mechanisms to promote the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain …

Excessive activation of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors after cerebral ischemia is
a key cause of ischemic injury. For a long time, it was generally accepted that calcium influx …

The spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), particularly their subtypes NR2A and
NR2B, plays pivotal roles in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, the roles of NR2A …

Trigeminal nerve injury is a common complication of various dental and oral procedures,
which could induce trigeminal neuropathic pain but lack effective treatments. P2 purinergic …

The purinergic system plays an important role in pain transmission. Recent studies have
suggested that activation of P2-purinergic receptors (P2Rs) may be involved in neuron …

Pain is a very important problem of our existence, and the attempt to understand it is one the
oldest challenges in the history of medicine. In this review, we summarize what has been …

Abstract The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
(AMPAR) has been recognized to play a vital role in the development of neuropathic pain …

Purinergic signaling system plays a pivotal role in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) which is a
primary sensory tissue in vertebrate nervous systems involving orofacial nociception and …

Chronic pain complicates many diseases and is notoriously difficult to treat. In search of new
therapeutic targets, pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels have sparked intense interest as a key …

Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. In the
periphery, glutamate acts as a transmitter and involves in the signaling and processing of …