The success of cancer immunotherapy relies on the knowledge of the tumor
microenvironment and the immune evasion mechanisms in which the tumor, stroma, and …

Anticancer agents continue to dominate the list of newly approved drugs, approximately half
of which are immunotherapies. This trend illustrates the considerable promise of cancer …

Research on molecular targeted therapy of tumors is booming, and novel targeted therapy
drugs are constantly emerging. Small molecule targeted compounds, novel targeted therapy …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogeneous and poorly mature cells of
innate immunity that their population is increased substantially in cancer patients. MDSCs …

Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the sixth most common cancer in Western countries, includes
upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and bladder carcinoma (BC) as the most common …

Aging attenuates the overall responsiveness of the immune system to eradicate pathogens.
The increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells under basal …

Metastasis is a complex process, which depends on the interaction between tumor cells and
host organs. Driven by the primary tumor, the host organ will establish an environment …

T lymphocytes function as major players in antigen-mediated cytotoxicity and have become
powerful tools for exploiting the immune system in tumor elimination. Several types of T cell …

Simple Summary In this review, we summarize the effects of various cytokines and
chemokines as a network to regulate the expansion, recruitment, and immunosuppressive …

Treatment of patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder or renal cancer has
changed significantly during recent years and efforts towards biomarker-directed therapy are …