UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the covalent addition of sugars to a broad range
of lipophilic molecules. This biotransformation plays a critical role in elimination of a broad …

Many studies have reported that the contents of cigarette smoke negatively affect sperm
parameters, seminal plasma, and various other fertility factors. Nevertheless, the actual …

Tobacco smoke contains a large number of compounds in the form of metals, volatile gases
and insoluble particles, as well as nicotine, a highly addictive alkaloid. Marijuana is the most …

Glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway for many small endogenous and
exogenous lipophilic compounds, including bilirubin, steroid hormones, bile acids …

Smoking behaviors, including amount smoked, smoking cessation, and tobacco-related
diseases, are altered by the rate of nicotine clearance. Nicotine clearance can be estimated …

Nicotine, one of the more than 4700 ingredients in tobacco smoke, is a neurotoxin and once
used as pesticides in agriculture. Although its use in agriculture is prohibited in many …

Quitting smoking significantly reduces the risk of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality, yet
there is a high rate of relapse amongst smokers who try to quit. Phenotypic biomarkers have …

Rate of nicotine metabolism has been identified as an important factor influencing nicotine
intake and can be estimated using the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a validated …

The human UGT gene superfamily is divided into four subfamilies (UGT1, UGT2, UGT3 and
UGT8) that encodes 22 functional enzymes. UGTs are critical for the metabolism and …

This chapter summarizes genetic factors that contribute to variation in nicotine
pharmacokinetics and nicotine's pharmacological action in the central nervous system …