The publication of the psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction in 1987 and the finding that
addictive drugs increase dopamine concentrations in the rat mesolimbic system in 1988 …

Dopamine neurons located in the midbrain play a role in motivation that regulates approach
behavior (approach motivation). In addition, activation and inactivation of dopamine neurons …

It was suggested in 1986 that cue-induced cocaine craving increases progressively during
early abstinence and remains high during extended periods of time. Clinical evidence now …

Pain management in opioid abusers engenders ethical and practical difficulties for
clinicians, often resulting in pain mismanagement. Although chronic opioid administration …

In recent years, neuroscientists have produced profound conceptual and mechanistic
advances on the neurocircuitry of reward and substance use disorders. Here, we will …

Based on their pharmacological properties, psychoactive drugs are supposed to take control
of the natural reward system to finally drive compulsory drug seeking and consumption …

Highlights•Substance-specificity in drug abuse is determined by environmental influences
unique to the individual.•Central and peripheral drug effects undergo emotional appraisal as …

Rationale Behavior occurring during cocaine self-administration can be classified as either
consummatory or appetitive. These two concepts are usually addressed independently …

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the main types of animal models used to
investigate the modulatory role of environment on drug addiction. The environment can alter …

BACKGROUND: We have recently observed an unforeseen dissociation in the effect of
environmental context on heroin versus cocaine self-administration in rats. Rats housed in …