The number of births, the crude birth rate (14.5 in 2001), and the fertility rate (67.2 in 2001)
all declined slightly (by 1% or less) from 2000 to 2001. Fertility rates were highest for …

Our understanding of cleft palates has come a long way over the last few decades. A better
understanding of the long-term consequences of a cleft palate and its effect on speech …

Objectives—This report presents trends and variations in smoking during pregnancy in the
United States. Data are presented for various characteristics including mother's age, race …

The birth rate in 2000 (preliminary data) was 14.8 births per 1000 population, an increase of
2% from 1999 (14.5). The fertility rate, births per 1000 women aged 15 to 44 years …

Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether individuals
with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OCs) display a higher frequency of dental anomalies …

At the present time, no study has yet clearly established whether tobacco smoking is a risk
factor of lower limb venous insufficiency. This case-control study was initiated in France to …

Clefts that occur in children are a special topic. Avoiding risk factors, and also an early
diagnosis of cleft possibility can result in minimizing or avoiding them. If on the other hand …

Objectives. The authors sought to assess the validity of birth certificate data for estimating
the association between maternal smoking and birth defects. The US standard birth …

BACKGROUND Teenage pregnancy may be associated with some forms of congenital
anomalies. The objective of this study was to identify the types of congenital anomalies …

Background: An increase in various congenital abnormalities associated with cigarette
smoking and the use of alcohol during pregnancy has been reported in many studies. These …