Summary Shenyang in Northern China has one of the highest reported prevalence rates of
oral clefts in the world. To explore the risk factors for oral clefts in Shenyang, we carried out a …

Teratogenic exposures are those that can cause an embryo or fetus to develop abnormally.
Several factors determine whether an agent is teratogenic, including the gestational timing …

The National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities at the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention conducted a workshop in January 2006, entitled …

Background The etiology of birth defects has been widely studied but is not yet fully clarified,
previously published data had suggested that maternal age or parity maybe involved, but …

This Technical Report was retired November 2017. Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS)
exposure of children and their families causes significant morbidity and mortality. In their …

Previous studies suggest that the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate
(CL±P) and isolated cleft palate (CP) is influenced by genetic variation at several loci and …

Background The teratogenic effects of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy
include anomalies of craniofacial structures derived from the cranial neural crest cells. The …

Background: Maternal smoking is a known risk factor for orofacial clefts. We investigated
whether risk is greater among offspring who lack the genetic capacity to produce glutathione …

This systematic review aimed to investigate the association between maternal smoking
during pregnancy and birth defects in children. We performed an electronic search of …