Insulin resistance, defined as a defect in insulin-mediated control of glucose metabolism in
tissues—prominently in muscle, fat and liver—is one of the earliest manifestations of a …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by‐products of normal cell activity. They are produced
in many cellular compartments and play a major role in signaling pathways. Overproduction …

Diabetes mellitus is one of the major public health problems worldwide. Considerable recent
evidence suggests that the cellular reduction-oxidation (redox) imbalance leads to oxidative …

Free radicals are chemical species (atoms, molecules, or ions) containing one or more
unpaired electrons in their external orbitals and generally display a remarkable reactivity …

Mitochondria are key cell organelles in that they are responsible for energy production and
control many processes from signalling to cell death. The function of the mitochondrial …

There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen
and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and …

The striking and unexpected relative risk reductions in cardiovascular (CV) mortality (38%),
hospitalization for heart failure (35%), and death from any cause (32%) observed in the …

Byproducts of normal mitochondrial metabolism and homeostasis include the buildup of
potentially damaging levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, etc., which must be …

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury occurs when blood supply to an organ is disrupted—
ischemia—and then restored—reperfusion—leading to a burst of reactive oxygen species …

The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by
reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely …