Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia that can occur as the result of numerous different
pathophysiological processes in the atria. Some aspects of the morphological and …

Background—Most of the ectopic beats initiating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) originate
from the pulmonary vein (PV). However, only limited data are available on PAF originating …

The purpose of this review is to determine the causal mechanisms and treatment of
inappropriate sinoatrial tachycardia (IST), defined as a non-physiological elevation in resting …

Objective: In the heart, there are multiple supraventricular pacemakers involved in normal
pacemaking as well as arrhythmias and the objective was to determine the distribution of …

Background—Atrial fibrillation (AF) may be triggered from arrhythmogenic foci originating
from atrial muscular sleeves that extend into the caval veins (CVs). The aim of this anatomic …

Background—Conventional methods to assess local activation time (LAT) detect the peak of
the bipolar electrogram (B-LATPeak) or the maximal negative slope of the unipolar …

The inadequate long-term efficacy of anti-arrhythmic therapy has been one of the main
reasons for the development of non-pharmacological interventions for patients with atrial …

Activation mapping is required to effectively ablate atrial tachycardia (AT). Conventional
tools to assess local activation time (LAT) are based upon the peak of the bipolar …

As atrial fibrillation (AF) progresses from initial paroxysmal episodes to the persistent phase,
maintaining sinus rhythm for an extended period through pharmacotherapy and catheter …

Introduction: The superior vena cava (SVC) and right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) are
anatomically close structures. Using 12‐lead ECG may facilitate identification of ectopic foci …