Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant
spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the …

Context Presence of low-frequency, or minority, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-
1) drug resistance mutations may adversely affect response to antiretroviral treatment (ART) …

Background The effect of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) on first-line combination
antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV-1 needs further study to inform choice of optimum drug …

Novel DNA sequencing techniques, referred to as “next-generation” sequencing (NGS),
provide high speed and throughput that can produce an enormous volume of sequences …

Background The effect of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance on the response to first-line
combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We …

Background. Early virological failure of antiretroviral therapy associated with the selection of
drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in treatment-naive patients is very …

Abstract The European HIV Drug Resistance Guidelines Panel, established to make
recommendations to clinicians and virologists, felt that sufficient new information has …

Background CASTLE compared the efficacy of atazanavir/ritonavir with lopinavir/ritonavir,
each in combination with tenofovir-emtricitabine in ARV-naïve subjects from 5 continents …

Background The presence of high-abundance drug-resistant HIV-1 jeopardizes success of
antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite numerous investigations, the clinical impact of low …

Antiretroviral drug resistance is a fundamental survival strategy for the virus that stems from
its vast capacity to generate diversity. With the recent availability of new ARV drugs and …