Enormous progress has been made in the last half-century in the management of diseases
closely integrated with excess body weight, such as hypertension, adult-onset diabetes and …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are metabolic disorders characterized by
excess cardiovascular risk. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor (GLP1R) agonists …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent liver disease
in the world, yet there are still no approved pharmacological therapies to prevent or treat this …

Abstract Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a member of the TGFβ superfamily
whose expression is increased in response to cellular stress and disease as well as by …

Obesity is a complex, chronic disease and global public health challenge. Characterized by
excessive fat accumulation in the body, obesity sharply increases the risk of several …

Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by regular binge eating episodes during which
individuals ingest comparably large amounts of food and experience loss of control over …

As one of the most successful therapeutic target families, G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs) have experienced a transformation from random ligand screening to knowledge …

Background Tirzepatide is a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that is under development for the …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by
chronic ovulation dysfunction and overabundance of androgens; it affects 6–20% of women …

The gastrointestinal tract plays a role in the development and treatment of metabolic
diseases. During a meal, the gut provides crucial information to the brain regarding …