Mood disorders are associated with elevated inflammation, and the reduction of symptoms
after multiple treatments is often accompanied by pro-inflammation restoration. A variety of …

Stress is a primary risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Evidence from
preclinical models and clinical studies of depression have revealed an array of structural …

Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has revolutionized the
treatment of depression because of its potent, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric disease that involves
malfunctions of different cell types in the brain. Accumulating studies started to reveal that …

Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

Downward social mobility is a well-known mental risk factor for depression, but its neural
mechanism remains elusive. Here, by forcing mice to lose against their subordinates in a …

Chronic stress is a major risk factor for depression onset. However, it remains unclear how
repeated stress sculpts neural circuits and finally elicits depression. Given the essential role …

Fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels are associated with mood disruptions in
women, such as in postpartum and perimenopausal depression. However, the neural circuit …

Background Depression is the most common mental illness. Mounting evidence suggests
that dysregulation of extracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is involved in the …

Somatosensory afferents are traditionally classified by soma size, myelination, and their
response specificity to external and internal stimuli. Here, we propose the functional …